What Is 64-bit Computing?
When reading about PCs and servers, you'll often see the CPU described by the
number of bits (e.g., 32-bit or 64-bit), here's a little info about what that
means.
32-bit refers to the number of bits (the smallest unit of information on a
machine) that can be processed or transmitted in parallel, or the number of
bits used for single element in a data format. The term when used in
conjunction with a microprocessor indicates the width of the registers; a
special high-speed storage area within the CPU. A 32-bit microprocessor can
process data and memory addresses that are represented by 32 bits.
64-bit therefore refers to a processor with registers that store 64-bit
numbers. A generalization would be to suggest that 64-bit architecture would
double the amount of data a CPU can process per clock cycle. Users would note
a performance increase because a 64-bit CPU can handle more memory and larger
files. One of the most attractive features of 64-bit processors is the
amount of memory the system can support. 64-bit architecture will allow
systems to address up to 1 terabyte (1000GB) of memory. In today's 32-bit
desktop systems, you can have up to 4GB of RAM (provided your motherboard
that can handle that much RAM) which is split between the applications and
the operating system (OS).
The majority of desktop computers today don't even have 4GB of memory
installed, and most small business and home desktop computer software do not
require that much memory either. As more complex software and 3D games become
available however, we could actually see this become a limitation, but for
the average home user that is very far down the road indeed.
Unfortunately, most benefits of a 64-bit CPU will go unnoticed without the
key components of a 64-bit operating system and 64-bit software and drivers
which are able to take advantage of 64-bit processor features. Additionally
for the average home computer user, 32-bits is more than adequate computing
power.
When making the transition from 32-bit to 64-bit desktop PCs, users won't
actually see Web browsers and word processing programs run faster. Benefits
of 64-bit processors would be seen with more demanding applications such as
video encoding, scientific research, searching massive databases; tasks where
being able to load massive amounts of data into the system's memory is
required.
While talk of 64-bit architecture may make one think this is a new
technology, 64-bit computing has been used over the past ten years in
supercomputing and database management systems. Many companies and
organizations with the need to access huge amounts of data have already made
the transition to using 64-bit servers, since a 64-bit server can support a
greater number of larger files and could effectively load large enterprise
databases to into memory allowing for faster searches and data retrieval.
Additionally, using a 64-bit server means organizations can support more
simultaneous users on each server potentially removing the need for extra
hardware as one 64-bit server could replace the use of several 32-bit servers
on a network.
It is in scientific and data management industries where the limitations of
the 4GB memory of a 32-bit system have been reached and the need for 64-bit
processing becomes apparent. Some of the major software developers in the
database management systems business, such as Oracle and SQL Server, to name
just two, offer 64-bit versions of their database management systems.
While 64-bit servers were once used only by those organizations with massive
amounts of data and big budgets, we do see in the near future 64-bit enabled
systems hitting the mainstream market. It is only a matter of time until
64-bit software and retail OS packages become available thereby making 64-bit
computing an attractive solution for business and home computing needs.
底下不是翻譯
所謂的位元，指的是“bit“，在一般的電腦架構，換算如下：
1 Byte = 8 bits
1 KB (Kilo Bytes) = 1024 Bytes
1 MB (Mega Bytes) = 1024 KB
餘此類推。
什麼是64位元的電腦？這要先談到什麼是64位元？簡單說來，CPU內部有所謂的暫存器（
Register），一個CPU大致上能夠做的事情大致上是：
１）從暫存器搬資料到記憶體（RAM）
２）從記憶體搬資料到暫存器
３）把放在暫存器內部的資料作加減乘除等運算
而所謂的64位元指的就是暫存器的寬度。32位元的電腦每個暫存器是32位元寬，64位元則
是64位元寬。暫存器寬度變寬有什麼好處呢？在一般應用上，有兩個好處：
１）記憶體定址的能力能夠延伸到64位元，也就是16384 PetaBytes（嗯，我知道，有點
不可思議的大小）。
２）可以在一個週期（clock cycle）以一個指令處理超過32位元長度的資料，例如：
49000120300 + 87135120300，或者double precision的浮點數。
而這就衍生了幾個謬誤：
１）64位元電腦一次可以處理32位元電腦兩倍的資料？
技術上來說，是的，實際上來說，不對。
有很多資料不能合併處理，也有很多資料的數值範圍就是沒有超過32
位元（要超過32位元，必須是大於 4,294,967,295的自然數，或者超過正負
2,147,483,647的整數，諸如此類），64位元電腦只有在處理超過這些範圍的數值時才有
意義，並且其速度不會是32位元的兩倍（通常會超過，因為32位元的電腦往往需要三個以
上的指令才能完成同樣的運算）。
２）64位元電腦一次可以定址超過xxTB
技術上來說，不算對，實際上來說，看狀況。
如前面所說，64位元的定址可以定址到遠遠超過1TB（正確的說法是16,777,216 TB），但
是CPU的外部界面是否有這麼多的針腳就不一定，而南北橋晶片的配合也是一個重點（有
人在研發使用序列界面的RAM希望解決這些問題，不過還不成熟）。
３）實體記憶體的能力限制了64位元電腦的記憶體能力
技術上來說，不算對，實際上來說，也不算對。
雖然現在的電腦沒有人做到讓記憶體可以插到64位元的極限（16,777,216 TB），不過這
並不代表應用程式的能力就被限制住了，事實上而言，許多應用上我們不會【同時】用到
那麼大的資料，但是我們需要暫時存放很大的資料過一陣子再來用，這時候虛擬記憶體就
派上用場，而64位元相對於32位元仍然有一定的優勢。
４）所有的應用程式都要改寫才會發揮64位元的能力
技術上來說，不算對，實際上來說，也不算對。
有些動作並不是有程式本身完成的，例如I/O的動作，檔案系統存取，諸如此類，這些動
作都會讓系統切換到另一個執行模式（Kernel Mode），在某些狀況下，事實上是有可能
讓原始32位元的程式得到加速的系統服務，只是這些加速對程式有多少影響很難預估。
５）所有的程式都需要64位元
技術上來說，不對，實際上來說，也不對。
很多程式不需要64位元的定址能力（比如，能夠使用超過4GB記憶體的NotePad？！？！）
，而64位元的定址能力有其代價（更高的記憶體頻寬需求，一般程式會佔用更多一點的記
憶體，諸如此類），因此盲目的把程式移植到64位元是無意義的。
６）Tiger是（不是）一個64位元的作業系統
技術上來說，不是。
Tiger在很多部份仍然是32位元的，尤其是UI的Framework（Cocoa, Carbon, etc.），但
是Tiger也有相當部份已經能夠支援64位元，例如mathlib的數學運算，並且也可以執行以
64位元模式運行的程式。
７）64位元的應用目前還在觀望
技術上來說，不是，事實上來說，看你說的【應用】是什麼應用。
對大型資料庫、科學軟體、數學軟體、圖學軟體等等來說，64位元版本幾乎一定有其好處
，因為這類型的應用本來就是要處理大量資料或者高精密度的浮點數， 4GB的限制已經讓
許多軟體捉襟見肘。然而，如果所謂的【應用】指的是上網、MSN、Email、即時通，那麼
就算三年後我想仍然不會需要64位元的系統。
----------------------------------------------------------------------
【64位元的定址可以定址到遠遠超過1TB（正確的說法是16,777,216 TB）】這裡打錯了
....
順便雞婆一下.... 4GB 的極限是來自這裡：
http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/68020/
第一代的 32-bit CPU 是 68000, 不過 68020 說明比較清楚，另外還有 68010, 68030
Intel 是 80386:
http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/80386/
2^32 次方，再除 1024 = KB, 除 1024 = MB, 除 1024 = MB
除 3 次 1024 就等於 GB，所以等於 4GB
80386 Virtual memory of up to 64 TeraBytes
不幸的是，在IBM電腦的標準配備只有4-16MB的年代，80386終其一生同樣沒機會用到更多
的記憶體。
即使是搭載40 MHz 68030最頂級的Mac Iifx (售價美金 $9,900)，當年電腦標準的記憶體
也只有4MB，最多16x4 = 64MB，可憐的68030終其一生都沒機會用到超過1GB的記憶體。
64 位元太大了.... 說 Apple 的 6502 （8bit）又太小， 16-bit 的 80286 好了...
2^16 = 65536 (請用計算機，科學，Y^x，按 2, [Y^x], 16 ﹦)
65536 / 1024 = 64KB
那 8bit CPU 不就 ... 2^8 = 256 Bytes... 錯！6502 最多可用到 64KB，因為
Address 有 16bit！
所以 80286 CPU 最多只能用到 64KB 的記憶體.... 蝦米啊？？對，我沒寫錯！
當年的 Intel 想了一個 Good Ideal 把一個 64KB 區塊當一個 6502 8-bit CPU 來看，
把 Address 延長了 8bit，256 倍，所以 2^24 = 16MB，相當能同時跑 256 台 Apple
II....
不會吧.... 一部電腦最多只能用 16MB 的 RAM，哈哈哈.... 相信歷史吧...
現在起碼都是 256MB, 512MB onboard 的 PB, ibook, PowerMac...
-----------------------------------------------------------
寫的方式可能有點混淆，64位元系統的理論定址上限是16,777,216 TB是沒錯的：
2^64 / 1024 (KB) / 1024 (MB) / 1024 (GB) / 1024 (TB) = 16,777,216
問題是CPU的外部界面不會允許這麼多的定址腳位，所以會有各種限制（例如最常見的
1TB限制就是因為一般定址腳位設定在40 pin，也就是1 TB的定址能力）。
另外，所謂的16,777,216 TB定址能力是以per process來說，也就是每個應用程式能夠看
到的定址空間，透過Bank Switch的方式即使32位元CPU也有人讓系統可用定址擴充到64GB
，但是對於單一應用程式來說，仍然是4GB（在應用程式運行時不能隨意切換 Bank，否則
Stack和Heap都會不曉得跑到哪裡去）。
--
Reference:
http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Computer_Science/2004/64_bit.asp
2005年10月26日 星期三
2005年10月24日 星期一
2005年10月22日 星期六
make world
cd /usr/src/usr.sbin/config
make all install clean
cd /usr/src; make kernel
reboot
cd /usr/src; make world
mergemaster
reboot
make all install clean
cd /usr/src; make kernel
reboot
cd /usr/src; make world
mergemaster
reboot
build world
Either your computer's date is set incorrectly, or some
/usr/src files have modification date/time set to the
future, but usually the first. This fools make(1) to
think that it should rebuilt sources when it's not supposed
to.
In this case, even though make(1) has already built the
""make_keys"" build-tool for libncurses, it still tries
to rebuild it in the ""library"" stage, when it's not
supposed to.
/usr/src files have modification date/time set to the
future, but usually the first. This fools make(1) to
think that it should rebuilt sources when it's not supposed
to.
In this case, even though make(1) has already built the
""make_keys"" build-tool for libncurses, it still tries
to rebuild it in the ""library"" stage, when it's not
supposed to.
WD-40
In 1953, a fledgling company called Rocket Chemical Company and its staff of
three set out to create a line of rust-prevention solvents and degreasers for
use in the aerospace industry, in a small lab in San Diego, California.
It took them 40 attempts to get the water displacing formula worked out.
But they must have been really good, because the original secret formula
for WD-40—which stands for Water Displacement perfected on the 40th try—
is still in use today.
Convair, an aerospace contractor, first used WD-40 to protect the outer skin of
the Atlas Missile from rust and corrosion. The product actually worked so well
that several employees snuck some WD-40 cans out of the plant to use at home.
three set out to create a line of rust-prevention solvents and degreasers for
use in the aerospace industry, in a small lab in San Diego, California.
It took them 40 attempts to get the water displacing formula worked out.
But they must have been really good, because the original secret formula
for WD-40—which stands for Water Displacement perfected on the 40th try—
is still in use today.
Convair, an aerospace contractor, first used WD-40 to protect the outer skin of
the Atlas Missile from rust and corrosion. The product actually worked so well
that several employees snuck some WD-40 cans out of the plant to use at home.
2005年10月21日 星期五
2005年10月18日 星期二
How To Install On Debian with Several Codecs
http://www.princessleia.com/MPlayer.html
Welcome To PrincessLeia.com
mplayer
How To Install On Debian with Several Codecs
These step by step instructions have been tested on June 25, 2005
I have tested this how-to on Etch (Testing).
This howto only includes codecs for win32, Quicktime, RealPlayer, Live.com
(streaming for protocols such as reaplayer), and some less common AVI.
Not up for doing all of this? There are unofficial debian packages provided
by: http://marillat.free.fr/ (read more)
Otherwise...
Files to download
Source:
MPlayer v1.0pre7 source - 6.6M M go here to download, or download directly
from: mirror2)
(unless you have a src file of your own you wish to use)
Codecs:
win32codecs.tar.bz2 - 6.3 M (mirror1 | mirror2)
divx4linux-20020418.tgz - 288 K (mirror1 | mirror2)
live.2005.06.16.tar.gz - 398 K (mirror2)
qt6dlls.tar.bz2 - 2.5 M (mirror1 | mirror2)
rp8codecs.tar.bz2 - 380 K (mirror1 | mirror2) OR rp9codecs.tar.bz2 - 500 K
(mirror1 | mirror2)
(some realplayer stuff wont work with 8, some won't work with 9, you just
need to choose which is best for you. I use 8, so in my directions I will be
using that, just change the number if you want to use 9)
User Conf:
mplayer-user-conf.tar - 690 k (mirror1 | mirror2)
Since I don't know where you are downloading these to, you will just need to
move them to the proper place when I ask you to unpack them.
Uninstalling Old Version
If you have an older version of mplayer on your system remove all traces of
it (if you used a deb do dpkg -P mplayer then go through your system and make
sure EVERYTHING for mplayer is gone, some things will not be removed with
dpkg -P). This step is VERY important.
Things from apt
as root:
apt-get install libogg0 libogg-dev libvorbis0a libvorbis-dev vorbis-tools
libpng3 libpng2-dev liblogfile-rotate-perl libconfhelper-perl debhelper
fakeroot g++ libgtk1.2 libgtk1.2-dev svgalibg1 svgalibg1-dev aalib1
aalib1-dev libsdl1.2-dev
NOTE: Make sure your gcc and g++ versions match!
Installing the Codecs
as root:
rm -r /usr/lib/win32
(If it exists. These are the w32 codecs, don't worry, we will replace these
later, you can pack them up and move them if you are really concerned about
losing them)
cd /usr/lib/
mkdir win32
Win32 codecs
cd win32/
tar -jxvvf Win32codecs.tar.bz2
Quicktime codecs
tar -jxvvf qt6dlls.tar.bz2
Live.com Codecs (for streaming realplayer)
cd /usr/local/lib/
tar -xvvzf live.2005.06.16.tar.gz
cd live/
./genMakefiles linux
make
divx4linux package, added support for filetypes like AVI (see
http://avifile.sourceforge.net/ for more)
cd /usr/src/
mkdir mplayer
cd mplayer/
tar -xvvzf divx4linux-20020418.tgz
cd divx4linux-20020418/
sh install.sh
Realplayer Codecs
cd /usr/src/mplayer/
tar -jxvvf rp8codecs.tar.bz2
Setting up the ~/.mplayer directory
(you can skip this if you have your own configs and settings, and/or don't
want to use gmplayer)
become your user
cd
tar -xvvf mplayer-user-conf.tar
this will create the ~/.mplayer directory including a skin (neutron), arial
size 18 font, and config file
in line 27 of the ~/.mplayer/gui.conf file, change: font_name =
""/home/lyz/.mplayer/font/font.desc"" to reflect your username (I havent found
a way around this step, ~ doesn't work).
Creating the .deb and installing mplayer
as root:
cd /usr/src/mplayer/
tar -jxvvf MPlayerVersion.tar.bz2 (where 'Version' is your version, ie
-1.0pre7)
cd MPlayerVersion
DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS=""--disable-runtime-cpudetection --enable-gui --disable-rtc
--enable-live --with-livelibdir=/usr/local/lib/live --enable-real
--with-reallibdir=/usr/src/mplayer/rp8codecs/"" fakeroot debian/rules binary
Make sure there aren't spaces between -- and any-of-the-options
when it's finished compiling, it will create an mplayerVersion.deb file in
/usr/src/mplayer
cd /usr/src/mplayer/
dpkg -i mplayerVersion.deb
when it asks about video output choose which is right for you, if unsure just
use xv
The End
launch mplayer by typing mplayer moviefile (where moviefile is the name of
the file you wish to use to test mplayer)
You're done! Congrats!
Some Notes:
This also includes gmplayer. gmplayer allows you to use ""skins"" for mplayer,
I don't usually use skins because I don't need the gui control, and the skins
tend to take away from speed and quailty of movie decoding.
In debian unstable, in September of 2003 the following was noted: ""The gtk1.2
and gtk1.2-dev was not found within the sources. This made the building of
the deb file abort quickly. A bit of searching the web and guessing made me
try install libgtkmm-dev. This did it. The following dpkg -i went fine.""
(thanks Helge)
It was also noted that in unstable xv might not work properly as a video
output, try x11.
Sometimes you will want to watch realplayer files that are .ram; remember
that a .ram can be viewed as a simple text file with the stream location of
the actual .rm is in that file. mplayer will not play the .ram but it will
play the .rm stream. (Apparently there is a patch out so that mplayer will
play .ram but I have never used it).
FAQ
There is an mplayer in apt, why would I want to install this one?
If you are at this site, you probably know the answer to this. The one in apt
is an older version, and above all, does not support the quicktime codecs.
Something broke, can you help?
I might be able to, as I said, I have tested this, and if something broke it
might be a conflict in versions (stable vs testing vs unstable vs mixed
system) or a simple user error. It is quite possibly due to not completely
uninstalling previous versions of mplayer, this is a very important step! If
all else fails, you can always uninstall the deb, and reinstall what you had
before.
I'm not on debian but I want to install mplayer, any pointers?
Not really, I could point you to some sites I have found for other distros,
but I have never tried them, so I can't guarantee they will work.
Why don't you include more codecs?
Are there many more? I have included the ones I primarily use, so these are
the only codecs I have installed and tested.
What about DVD support?
I don't have a DVD-ROM, so I have no way of testing DVD support, sorry.
Special thanks to Mark and Magni who host two of the mirrors!
Thanks to grifter for teaching me how to install this.
Thanks so much to everyone else who has emailed me to point out mistakes and
offered compatibility notes, I appreciate it greatly and encourage others to
do the same.
Comments? Questions? Pointers? Email me at Lyz@PrincessLeia.com
Welcome To PrincessLeia.com
mplayer
How To Install On Debian with Several Codecs
These step by step instructions have been tested on June 25, 2005
I have tested this how-to on Etch (Testing).
This howto only includes codecs for win32, Quicktime, RealPlayer, Live.com
(streaming for protocols such as reaplayer), and some less common AVI.
Not up for doing all of this? There are unofficial debian packages provided
by: http://marillat.free.fr/ (read more)
Otherwise...
Files to download
Source:
MPlayer v1.0pre7 source - 6.6M M go here to download, or download directly
from: mirror2)
(unless you have a src file of your own you wish to use)
Codecs:
win32codecs.tar.bz2 - 6.3 M (mirror1 | mirror2)
divx4linux-20020418.tgz - 288 K (mirror1 | mirror2)
live.2005.06.16.tar.gz - 398 K (mirror2)
qt6dlls.tar.bz2 - 2.5 M (mirror1 | mirror2)
rp8codecs.tar.bz2 - 380 K (mirror1 | mirror2) OR rp9codecs.tar.bz2 - 500 K
(mirror1 | mirror2)
(some realplayer stuff wont work with 8, some won't work with 9, you just
need to choose which is best for you. I use 8, so in my directions I will be
using that, just change the number if you want to use 9)
User Conf:
mplayer-user-conf.tar - 690 k (mirror1 | mirror2)
Since I don't know where you are downloading these to, you will just need to
move them to the proper place when I ask you to unpack them.
Uninstalling Old Version
If you have an older version of mplayer on your system remove all traces of
it (if you used a deb do dpkg -P mplayer then go through your system and make
sure EVERYTHING for mplayer is gone, some things will not be removed with
dpkg -P). This step is VERY important.
Things from apt
as root:
apt-get install libogg0 libogg-dev libvorbis0a libvorbis-dev vorbis-tools
libpng3 libpng2-dev liblogfile-rotate-perl libconfhelper-perl debhelper
fakeroot g++ libgtk1.2 libgtk1.2-dev svgalibg1 svgalibg1-dev aalib1
aalib1-dev libsdl1.2-dev
NOTE: Make sure your gcc and g++ versions match!
Installing the Codecs
as root:
rm -r /usr/lib/win32
(If it exists. These are the w32 codecs, don't worry, we will replace these
later, you can pack them up and move them if you are really concerned about
losing them)
cd /usr/lib/
mkdir win32
Win32 codecs
cd win32/
tar -jxvvf Win32codecs.tar.bz2
Quicktime codecs
tar -jxvvf qt6dlls.tar.bz2
Live.com Codecs (for streaming realplayer)
cd /usr/local/lib/
tar -xvvzf live.2005.06.16.tar.gz
cd live/
./genMakefiles linux
make
divx4linux package, added support for filetypes like AVI (see
http://avifile.sourceforge.net/ for more)
cd /usr/src/
mkdir mplayer
cd mplayer/
tar -xvvzf divx4linux-20020418.tgz
cd divx4linux-20020418/
sh install.sh
Realplayer Codecs
cd /usr/src/mplayer/
tar -jxvvf rp8codecs.tar.bz2
Setting up the ~/.mplayer directory
(you can skip this if you have your own configs and settings, and/or don't
want to use gmplayer)
become your user
cd
tar -xvvf mplayer-user-conf.tar
this will create the ~/.mplayer directory including a skin (neutron), arial
size 18 font, and config file
in line 27 of the ~/.mplayer/gui.conf file, change: font_name =
""/home/lyz/.mplayer/font/font.desc"" to reflect your username (I havent found
a way around this step, ~ doesn't work).
Creating the .deb and installing mplayer
as root:
cd /usr/src/mplayer/
tar -jxvvf MPlayerVersion.tar.bz2 (where 'Version' is your version, ie
-1.0pre7)
cd MPlayerVersion
DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS=""--disable-runtime-cpudetection --enable-gui --disable-rtc
--enable-live --with-livelibdir=/usr/local/lib/live --enable-real
--with-reallibdir=/usr/src/mplayer/rp8codecs/"" fakeroot debian/rules binary
Make sure there aren't spaces between -- and any-of-the-options
when it's finished compiling, it will create an mplayerVersion.deb file in
/usr/src/mplayer
cd /usr/src/mplayer/
dpkg -i mplayerVersion.deb
when it asks about video output choose which is right for you, if unsure just
use xv
The End
launch mplayer by typing mplayer moviefile (where moviefile is the name of
the file you wish to use to test mplayer)
You're done! Congrats!
Some Notes:
This also includes gmplayer. gmplayer allows you to use ""skins"" for mplayer,
I don't usually use skins because I don't need the gui control, and the skins
tend to take away from speed and quailty of movie decoding.
In debian unstable, in September of 2003 the following was noted: ""The gtk1.2
and gtk1.2-dev was not found within the sources. This made the building of
the deb file abort quickly. A bit of searching the web and guessing made me
try install libgtkmm-dev. This did it. The following dpkg -i went fine.""
(thanks Helge)
It was also noted that in unstable xv might not work properly as a video
output, try x11.
Sometimes you will want to watch realplayer files that are .ram; remember
that a .ram can be viewed as a simple text file with the stream location of
the actual .rm is in that file. mplayer will not play the .ram but it will
play the .rm stream. (Apparently there is a patch out so that mplayer will
play .ram but I have never used it).
FAQ
There is an mplayer in apt, why would I want to install this one?
If you are at this site, you probably know the answer to this. The one in apt
is an older version, and above all, does not support the quicktime codecs.
Something broke, can you help?
I might be able to, as I said, I have tested this, and if something broke it
might be a conflict in versions (stable vs testing vs unstable vs mixed
system) or a simple user error. It is quite possibly due to not completely
uninstalling previous versions of mplayer, this is a very important step! If
all else fails, you can always uninstall the deb, and reinstall what you had
before.
I'm not on debian but I want to install mplayer, any pointers?
Not really, I could point you to some sites I have found for other distros,
but I have never tried them, so I can't guarantee they will work.
Why don't you include more codecs?
Are there many more? I have included the ones I primarily use, so these are
the only codecs I have installed and tested.
What about DVD support?
I don't have a DVD-ROM, so I have no way of testing DVD support, sorry.
Special thanks to Mark and Magni who host two of the mirrors!
Thanks to grifter for teaching me how to install this.
Thanks so much to everyone else who has emailed me to point out mistakes and
offered compatibility notes, I appreciate it greatly and encourage others to
do the same.
Comments? Questions? Pointers? Email me at Lyz@PrincessLeia.com
2005年10月17日 星期一
PCMan X
Method 1:
CVS version!
$ mkdir -p ~/tmp/src/
$ cd ~/tmp/src
$ sudo apt-get install subversion libgtk2.0-dev libxft-dev intltool
$ sudo apt-get install intltool-debian automake1.9 libtool
$ svn co https://svn.csie.net/pcmanx/pcmanx_pure_gtk2
$ cd pcmanx_pure_gtk2
$ ./autogen.sh
$ ./configure --prefix=/usr
$ make
$ sudo make install
Method 2:
$ echo ""deb http://apt.ubuntu.org.tw ubtw/"" >> sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sorces.list
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install libpcmanx-core0 pcmanx-pure-gtk2
Method 3:
$ cd ~/tmp
$ fetch http://apt.ubuntu.org.tw/ubtw/pcmanx/libpcmanx-core0_0.3.2-1ubuntu-1_i386.deb
$ fetch http://apt.ubuntu.org.tw/ubtw/pcmanx/pcmanx-pure-gtk2_0.3.2-1ubuntu-1_i386.deb
$ sudo dpkg -i libpcmanx-core0_0.3.2-ubuntu-1_i386.deb
$ sudo dpkg -i pcmanx-pure-gtk2_0.3.2-1ubuntu-1_i386.deb
CVS version!
$ mkdir -p ~/tmp/src/
$ cd ~/tmp/src
$ sudo apt-get install subversion libgtk2.0-dev libxft-dev intltool
$ sudo apt-get install intltool-debian automake1.9 libtool
$ svn co https://svn.csie.net/pcmanx/pcmanx_pure_gtk2
$ cd pcmanx_pure_gtk2
$ ./autogen.sh
$ ./configure --prefix=/usr
$ make
$ sudo make install
Method 2:
$ echo ""deb http://apt.ubuntu.org.tw ubtw/"" >> sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sorces.list
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install libpcmanx-core0 pcmanx-pure-gtk2
Method 3:
$ cd ~/tmp
$ fetch http://apt.ubuntu.org.tw/ubtw/pcmanx/libpcmanx-core0_0.3.2-1ubuntu-1_i386.deb
$ fetch http://apt.ubuntu.org.tw/ubtw/pcmanx/pcmanx-pure-gtk2_0.3.2-1ubuntu-1_i386.deb
$ sudo dpkg -i libpcmanx-core0_0.3.2-ubuntu-1_i386.deb
$ sudo dpkg -i pcmanx-pure-gtk2_0.3.2-1ubuntu-1_i386.deb
2005年10月15日 星期六
iPod Video!
iPod (with Video)
http://www.apple.com/ipod/ipod.html
iTunes 6
http://www.apple.com.tw/itunes/
Creating Video for iPod
http://www.apple.com/quicktime/tutorials/creatingvideo.html
http://www.apple.com/ipod/ipod.html
iTunes 6
http://www.apple.com.tw/itunes/
Creating Video for iPod
http://www.apple.com/quicktime/tutorials/creatingvideo.html
2005年10月14日 星期五
Ubuntu 5.10 Released!!
The Ubuntu team is proud to announce Ubuntu 5.10. This is the official Ubuntu
5.10 release, and includes installation CDs, live CDs, and combination DVDs
for three architectures.
Ubuntu is a Linux distribution for your desktop or server, with a fast and
easy install, regular releases, a tight selection of excellent packages
installed by default, every other package you can imagine available from the
network, a commitment to security updates for 18 months after each release
and professional technical support from many companies around the world.
Major new features in Ubuntu 5.10
* Thin Client Integration: Ubuntu is the first distribution in the world
to include deeply-integrated thin client technology. This allows you to
deploy Ubuntu in large scale networked environments or, for example, in
classrooms, with a lightweight Ubuntu image booting over the network. All
Ubuntu management tools work for the thin client image as well as for the
server.
* OEM Installer Support This release of Ubuntu has special support for
OEM hardware vendors. Ubuntu can be pre-installed and tested without
configuring end user information. The user will be asked to complete that
configuration (name, timezone and password) upon first startup.
* Launchpad Integration Launchpad.net is the new infrastructure that
Ubuntu and its derivatives use for translation, bug tracking, sharing code
patches, fixes and technical support. Users of Ubuntu 5.10 can make technical
support requests for any package in Ubuntu, and can help to translate their
software, directly from the built-in Help menu in every desktop application.
To see it all, you'll need to try the CD, but the highlights of Ubuntu itself
include:
On the Desktop
* GNOME 2.12.1
* OpenOffice.org 2.0 beta 2
* X.org 6.8.2 with wider hardware support
* An enhanced tool for easily installing new applications (see ""Add
Applications"" on the Applications menu)
* A new tool which makes it easy to install support for multiple
languages (Language Selector)
* Editable GNOME menus
* Applications are now linked into the Launchpad infrastructure (new
entries on the Help menus for translation and support)
* Support for writing audio CDs (Serpentine)
* Graphical startup process with progress bar (USplash)
* New documentation (Ubuntu 5.10 Quick Tour and Ubuntu 5.10 FAQ Guide)
* Language packs with updates from the Rosetta translation platform, part
of Launchpad.net, which makes contributing translations easy for everybody in
any language.
On the Server
* Kernel support for cluster filesystems (OCFS2 and GFS)
* Plone 2.1 & Zope 2.8.1
* PHP5
* Support for automatic storage allocation into LVM volumes
* Built-in thin client functionality produced in cooperation with the
LTSP project
* Simple NFS root setup with automatic hardware detection through
initramfs-tools
* Support for up to 4 gigabytes of RAM by default on 32-bit architectures
Hardware Support Improvements
* Linux 2.6.12.6 with many updated drivers from third parties
* Further enhancements to laptop support (hot keys, and working
suspend/resume on more models)
* HP all-in-one printer/scanner devices are supported out of the box
* Bluetooth input devices (such as keyboards and mice) are supported out
of the box
* Multiple audio devices are handled more gracefully (and one can easily
select the default device)
* 64-bit PowerPC kernel available
Installation
* A new OEM mode to simplify the process of preinstalling Ubuntu on
computers for resale or redistribution
* Automatically makes existing hard drive partitions available to the
desktop
* Simple ""dual boot"" configuration with automatic resizing of an existing
installed OS
* The second stage of the installation now has a progress bar
""Under the hood""
* GCC 4.0.1
* glibc 2.3.5
* New early userspace infrastructure based on initramfs-tools
* More modular X.org packaging
* Python 2.4.2
As always, Ubuntu includes the very best of the 100% free/libre application
software world, and each new release incorporates countless new features and
bugfixes from the global development community.
5.10 release, and includes installation CDs, live CDs, and combination DVDs
for three architectures.
Ubuntu is a Linux distribution for your desktop or server, with a fast and
easy install, regular releases, a tight selection of excellent packages
installed by default, every other package you can imagine available from the
network, a commitment to security updates for 18 months after each release
and professional technical support from many companies around the world.
Major new features in Ubuntu 5.10
* Thin Client Integration: Ubuntu is the first distribution in the world
to include deeply-integrated thin client technology. This allows you to
deploy Ubuntu in large scale networked environments or, for example, in
classrooms, with a lightweight Ubuntu image booting over the network. All
Ubuntu management tools work for the thin client image as well as for the
server.
* OEM Installer Support This release of Ubuntu has special support for
OEM hardware vendors. Ubuntu can be pre-installed and tested without
configuring end user information. The user will be asked to complete that
configuration (name, timezone and password) upon first startup.
* Launchpad Integration Launchpad.net is the new infrastructure that
Ubuntu and its derivatives use for translation, bug tracking, sharing code
patches, fixes and technical support. Users of Ubuntu 5.10 can make technical
support requests for any package in Ubuntu, and can help to translate their
software, directly from the built-in Help menu in every desktop application.
To see it all, you'll need to try the CD, but the highlights of Ubuntu itself
include:
On the Desktop
* GNOME 2.12.1
* OpenOffice.org 2.0 beta 2
* X.org 6.8.2 with wider hardware support
* An enhanced tool for easily installing new applications (see ""Add
Applications"" on the Applications menu)
* A new tool which makes it easy to install support for multiple
languages (Language Selector)
* Editable GNOME menus
* Applications are now linked into the Launchpad infrastructure (new
entries on the Help menus for translation and support)
* Support for writing audio CDs (Serpentine)
* Graphical startup process with progress bar (USplash)
* New documentation (Ubuntu 5.10 Quick Tour and Ubuntu 5.10 FAQ Guide)
* Language packs with updates from the Rosetta translation platform, part
of Launchpad.net, which makes contributing translations easy for everybody in
any language.
On the Server
* Kernel support for cluster filesystems (OCFS2 and GFS)
* Plone 2.1 & Zope 2.8.1
* PHP5
* Support for automatic storage allocation into LVM volumes
* Built-in thin client functionality produced in cooperation with the
LTSP project
* Simple NFS root setup with automatic hardware detection through
initramfs-tools
* Support for up to 4 gigabytes of RAM by default on 32-bit architectures
Hardware Support Improvements
* Linux 2.6.12.6 with many updated drivers from third parties
* Further enhancements to laptop support (hot keys, and working
suspend/resume on more models)
* HP all-in-one printer/scanner devices are supported out of the box
* Bluetooth input devices (such as keyboards and mice) are supported out
of the box
* Multiple audio devices are handled more gracefully (and one can easily
select the default device)
* 64-bit PowerPC kernel available
Installation
* A new OEM mode to simplify the process of preinstalling Ubuntu on
computers for resale or redistribution
* Automatically makes existing hard drive partitions available to the
desktop
* Simple ""dual boot"" configuration with automatic resizing of an existing
installed OS
* The second stage of the installation now has a progress bar
""Under the hood""
* GCC 4.0.1
* glibc 2.3.5
* New early userspace infrastructure based on initramfs-tools
* More modular X.org packaging
* Python 2.4.2
As always, Ubuntu includes the very best of the 100% free/libre application
software world, and each new release incorporates countless new features and
bugfixes from the global development community.
2005年10月13日 星期四
BSD Certification!
The BSD Certification Group was formed in January, 2005 to create a BSD
certification program that is recognized as the industry standard for
administering BSD systems. The resulting certification process will provide a
measure of excellence in both understanding and the ability to perform
complex administrative tasks on BSD systems.
2005 will prove an exciting year as the BSD Certification Group develops
certification level(s) and testing methodologies. Stay up-to-date regarding
the latest developments by joining the discussion or announce mailing lists.
Certification Project Progress
The BSD certification standard is being created, with the first certification
expected to go live on April 5, 2006. The tasks required for creating the
certification standard are detailed in the Certification Roadmap. along with
their projected completion dates and how you can assist in the process.
There is a project blog, which will quickly get you up to speed on which
tasks are being worked on at the present moment and any particular calls for
assistance. The blog page also has a link to a Gantt chart which will be
frequently updated during the project.
Reference:
http://www.bsdcertification.org/
certification program that is recognized as the industry standard for
administering BSD systems. The resulting certification process will provide a
measure of excellence in both understanding and the ability to perform
complex administrative tasks on BSD systems.
2005 will prove an exciting year as the BSD Certification Group develops
certification level(s) and testing methodologies. Stay up-to-date regarding
the latest developments by joining the discussion or announce mailing lists.
Certification Project Progress
The BSD certification standard is being created, with the first certification
expected to go live on April 5, 2006. The tasks required for creating the
certification standard are detailed in the Certification Roadmap. along with
their projected completion dates and how you can assist in the process.
There is a project blog, which will quickly get you up to speed on which
tasks are being worked on at the present moment and any particular calls for
assistance. The blog page also has a link to a Gantt chart which will be
frequently updated during the project.
Reference:
http://www.bsdcertification.org/
2005年10月12日 星期三
康熙字典
《康熙字典》，在清朝康熙年間由翰林院的張玉書及陳廷敬擔任主編，參考明代的《字彙
》、《正字通》兩書而寫，是一套成書於康熙五十五年（1716年）的詳細漢語辭典。印刷
至今不止。
《康熙字典》共載47,000余字目，書分為12集，以214個部首分類，並注有反切注音、出
處、及參考等。書中並按韻母、聲調以及音節分類排列韻母表及其對應漢字。另外，《康
熙字典》附有《字母切韻要法》和《等韻切音指南》。
本字典字頭下列有該字的不同音切和意義，除僻字僻義外都引錄書證。清代法律規定，凡
讀書人策應科舉考試，書寫字體必須以《康熙字典》為標準，因此，該書對學術界影響很
大，成書之後，流行極廣，至今仍不失為一本有價值的語文工具書。
《康熙字典》雖然也存在著一些缺點，但是對今天閱讀古漢語作品的讀者來說，還是有它
的作用的。本書有清代的木刻本，晚清時，上海出現了好幾種影印本，中華書局過去會用
同文書局的影印本為底本製成鋅版，現在利用存版重印，並附王引之的字典考證於後，以
供參考。
乾隆年間，王錫侯著《字貫》一書，第一次指出了《康熙字典》在引證、釋義等方面的缺
點，然因冒犯皇帝「御定」的威嚴，最終落得滿門抄斬，其著作也被付之一炬。至道光7
年（1827年）王引之奉皇帝之命，著《字典考證》校正了部分《康熙字典》引書方面的錯
誤，當中引用書籍字勾訛誤共2588條。
康熙字典線上版
http://www.kangxizidian.com/
校內 康熙字典線上版
http://erlnt.lib.ncu.edu.tw/ekinstall/setup.htm
》、《正字通》兩書而寫，是一套成書於康熙五十五年（1716年）的詳細漢語辭典。印刷
至今不止。
《康熙字典》共載47,000余字目，書分為12集，以214個部首分類，並注有反切注音、出
處、及參考等。書中並按韻母、聲調以及音節分類排列韻母表及其對應漢字。另外，《康
熙字典》附有《字母切韻要法》和《等韻切音指南》。
本字典字頭下列有該字的不同音切和意義，除僻字僻義外都引錄書證。清代法律規定，凡
讀書人策應科舉考試，書寫字體必須以《康熙字典》為標準，因此，該書對學術界影響很
大，成書之後，流行極廣，至今仍不失為一本有價值的語文工具書。
《康熙字典》雖然也存在著一些缺點，但是對今天閱讀古漢語作品的讀者來說，還是有它
的作用的。本書有清代的木刻本，晚清時，上海出現了好幾種影印本，中華書局過去會用
同文書局的影印本為底本製成鋅版，現在利用存版重印，並附王引之的字典考證於後，以
供參考。
乾隆年間，王錫侯著《字貫》一書，第一次指出了《康熙字典》在引證、釋義等方面的缺
點，然因冒犯皇帝「御定」的威嚴，最終落得滿門抄斬，其著作也被付之一炬。至道光7
年（1827年）王引之奉皇帝之命，著《字典考證》校正了部分《康熙字典》引書方面的錯
誤，當中引用書籍字勾訛誤共2588條。
康熙字典線上版
http://www.kangxizidian.com/
校內 康熙字典線上版
http://erlnt.lib.ncu.edu.tw/ekinstall/setup.htm
享年與得年
高中生廖蓮吉日前投書本報表示，媒體新聞近日幾乎都提到國策顧問劉俠「享年」或「得
年」六十一歲，但根據高中應用文課本，六十歲以上的死者應稱為「享壽」。曾編撰國立
編譯館應用文課本的世新大學中文系教授洪國樑昨天表示，六十歲以上去世的人應該用「
享壽」，用「享年」也可以，不應該用「得年」。
洪國樑表示，得年應該用在卅歲以下去世的人，而享年是一般性的說法，並沒有限制要用
在幾歲去世的人，因此不管卅歲以下、六十歲以上，都可以用享年。
廖蓮吉表示，大多數的記者或主播都用詞錯誤，而現在入學考試越來越生活化，考題不乏
取自於生活常識或新聞報導，但在各家媒體競爭下，有些報導用字遣詞積非成是，混淆民
眾視聽。
洪國樑指出，卅歲以下死亡，的確不能稱壽，因此應該用「得年」，六十歲以上的死者，
則可稱壽。另外，「得年」也指年輕、死於非命者，六十歲以上即使死於非命，但基於尊
重也可稱「享壽」。
長期研究台灣民間生命禮儀，曾協助內政部訂定生命禮儀規範的國立台灣科技大學人文社
會學院院長徐福全表示，雖然沒有正式規定「享壽」、「享年」、「得年」的用法，但根
據約定俗成，六十歲以上稱「享壽」，四十至五十九歲稱「享年」、四十歲以下稱「得年
」。
徐福全說，雖然現在國人平均壽命已大幅提高到七十歲以上，但以傳統「六十下壽，七十
中壽，八十上壽」的說法，六十稱壽也不為過；而且「壽」的觀念是從一甲子六十年而來
，想要改變六十稱「壽」的傳統恐怕也不那麼容易。
才剛取得中正大學歷史學博士學位的年輕輩台灣民間宗教學者王見川則認為，現在年輕人
比較在乎活得有意義，並不在乎活的歲數，所以不一定要遵循傳統對於「享壽」、「得年
」的用法。
【2003/02/11 聯合報】
年」六十一歲，但根據高中應用文課本，六十歲以上的死者應稱為「享壽」。曾編撰國立
編譯館應用文課本的世新大學中文系教授洪國樑昨天表示，六十歲以上去世的人應該用「
享壽」，用「享年」也可以，不應該用「得年」。
洪國樑表示，得年應該用在卅歲以下去世的人，而享年是一般性的說法，並沒有限制要用
在幾歲去世的人，因此不管卅歲以下、六十歲以上，都可以用享年。
廖蓮吉表示，大多數的記者或主播都用詞錯誤，而現在入學考試越來越生活化，考題不乏
取自於生活常識或新聞報導，但在各家媒體競爭下，有些報導用字遣詞積非成是，混淆民
眾視聽。
洪國樑指出，卅歲以下死亡，的確不能稱壽，因此應該用「得年」，六十歲以上的死者，
則可稱壽。另外，「得年」也指年輕、死於非命者，六十歲以上即使死於非命，但基於尊
重也可稱「享壽」。
長期研究台灣民間生命禮儀，曾協助內政部訂定生命禮儀規範的國立台灣科技大學人文社
會學院院長徐福全表示，雖然沒有正式規定「享壽」、「享年」、「得年」的用法，但根
據約定俗成，六十歲以上稱「享壽」，四十至五十九歲稱「享年」、四十歲以下稱「得年
」。
徐福全說，雖然現在國人平均壽命已大幅提高到七十歲以上，但以傳統「六十下壽，七十
中壽，八十上壽」的說法，六十稱壽也不為過；而且「壽」的觀念是從一甲子六十年而來
，想要改變六十稱「壽」的傳統恐怕也不那麼容易。
才剛取得中正大學歷史學博士學位的年輕輩台灣民間宗教學者王見川則認為，現在年輕人
比較在乎活得有意義，並不在乎活的歲數，所以不一定要遵循傳統對於「享壽」、「得年
」的用法。
【2003/02/11 聯合報】
Setting password for OpenBoot
1.Setting password for OpenBoot as a superuser
# eeprom security-password
Changing PROM password:
New password:xxxxxxxx
Retype new password:xxxxxxxx
2.Setting password for OpenBoot in CLI of OpenBoot
ok password
ok New password (only first 8 chars are used) :xxxxxxxx
ok Retype new password:xxxxxxxx
ok
3.Setting Security-Mode of OpenBoot as a superuser
Firmware security level (options:none, command, or full)
# eeprom security-mode=command
4.Setting Security-Mode of OpenBoot in CLI of OpenBoot
ok setenv security-mode command
ok
# eeprom security-password
Changing PROM password:
New password:xxxxxxxx
Retype new password:xxxxxxxx
2.Setting password for OpenBoot in CLI of OpenBoot
ok password
ok New password (only first 8 chars are used) :xxxxxxxx
ok Retype new password:xxxxxxxx
ok
3.Setting Security-Mode of OpenBoot as a superuser
Firmware security level (options:none, command, or full)
# eeprom security-mode=command
4.Setting Security-Mode of OpenBoot in CLI of OpenBoot
ok setenv security-mode command
ok
Show patches revision information
NAME
showrev - show machine, software revision, and patch revi-
sion information
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/showrev [-a] [-p | -p -R root_path] [-w] [-
c command] [-s hostname]
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-a Print all system revision information available. Win-
dow system and patch information are added.
-c command
Print the revision information about command.
-p Print only the revision information about patches.
-R root_path
Define the full path name of a directory to use as the
root_path. By specifying the root path, showrev
retrieves the revision information about the patch
from package system information files located under a
directory tree starting at root_path. The root_path
can be specified when retrieving installed patch
information in a client from a server, for example,
/export/root/client1.
-s hostname
Perform this operation on the specified hostname. The
-s operation completes correctly only when hostname is
running Solaris 2.5 or compatible versions.
-w Print only the OpenWindows revision information.
showrev - show machine, software revision, and patch revi-
sion information
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/showrev [-a] [-p | -p -R root_path] [-w] [-
c command] [-s hostname]
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-a Print all system revision information available. Win-
dow system and patch information are added.
-c command
Print the revision information about command.
-p Print only the revision information about patches.
-R root_path
Define the full path name of a directory to use as the
root_path. By specifying the root path, showrev
retrieves the revision information about the patch
from package system information files located under a
directory tree starting at root_path. The root_path
can be specified when retrieving installed patch
information in a client from a server, for example,
/export/root/client1.
-s hostname
Perform this operation on the specified hostname. The
-s operation completes correctly only when hostname is
running Solaris 2.5 or compatible versions.
-w Print only the OpenWindows revision information.
2005年10月11日 星期二
2005年10月1日 星期六
Getting Started with LaTeX
http://hepg.sdu.edu.cn/Service/tips/latex/doc2/Index.html
http://hepg.sdu.edu.cn/Service/tips/unix.html
Kile
http://hepg.sdu.edu.cn/Service/tips/unix.html
Kile
Network Setting in Solaris
for example:
hostname:socrates.mcl.math.ncu.edu.tw
IP:140.115.26.50
netmask:255.255.255.0
default gateway:140.115.26.254
---------------------------------------
/etc/hostname.e1000g0
socrates
/etc/defaultroute
140.115.26.254
/etc/defaultdomain
mcl.math.ncu.edu.tw
/etc/nodename
socrates
/etc/resolv.conf
search mcl.math.ncu.edu.tw
nameserver 140.115.1.31
/etc/nsswitch.conf
hosts: files dns
/etc/inet/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
140.115.26.50 socrates socrates.mcl.math.ncu.edu.tw loghost
/etc/inet/netmarks
140.115.26.0 255.255.255.0
hostname:socrates.mcl.math.ncu.edu.tw
IP:140.115.26.50
netmask:255.255.255.0
default gateway:140.115.26.254
---------------------------------------
/etc/hostname.e1000g0
socrates
/etc/defaultroute
140.115.26.254
/etc/defaultdomain
mcl.math.ncu.edu.tw
/etc/nodename
socrates
/etc/resolv.conf
search mcl.math.ncu.edu.tw
nameserver 140.115.1.31
/etc/nsswitch.conf
hosts: files dns
/etc/inet/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
140.115.26.50 socrates socrates.mcl.math.ncu.edu.tw loghost
/etc/inet/netmarks
140.115.26.0 255.255.255.0
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